The conversion of acrylonitrile to acrylic acid is an important industrial process. Acrylonitrile is a compound with the formula CH2=CHCN. It is a white liquid that is mainly used to manufacture acrylic fibers and plastics.
Acrylic acid is formed during the reaction of acrylonitrile with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst. The by-product water is also produced in this reaction.
The rate of this reaction depends on how quickly the reactants interact with each other and how quickly the products separate. Changing these rates can be tricky, however, since these reactions occur at different temperatures under identical conditions.
This experiment focuses on labeling the energy diagrams (9 bins) for the conversion of (Ch3ch2)3cbr to (Ch3ch2)3coh.
Represent the phases on a energy diagram
Next, you should draw a graph that represents all the phases of the reaction on an energy diagram. An energy diagram is a graph that shows the potential energy of a system as it transitions between states.
There are three components to an energy diagram: the ground state, the intermediate state, and the transition state. The ground state is the lowest potential state for a molecule. The intermediate state is a higher potential state that leads to a lower potential state in the next phase. The transition state is exactly what it says-the transition between two states.
In this case, you would draw three separate circles representing each phase on the same axis representing potential energy. Then, you would connect a line from the lowest point in one circle to the lowest point in the next circle to show how one phase transitions into another.
Calculate total free energy change for each phase transition
Once you have calculated the free energy change for each phase transition, you can then calculate the total free energy change for the whole reaction.
Total free energy change is also known as Gibbs free energy. It is denoted by G and is a measure of whether a reaction will occur or not.
Under normal conditions, a reaction that produces more Gibbs free energy will occur. Thus, in order for a reaction to occur, the Gibbs free energy must be negative.
It must be emphasized that this only applies to reactions under normal conditions! If the surroundings are highly non-standard, then other factors may influence whether a reaction occurs or not.
For example, if the reaction takes place in very high temperatures, then the Gibbs free energy increase due to thermal agitation may cause the reaction to occur.
Find the boiling point of each phase
In this section, you will find the boiling point of each phase. A phase is when one compound or molecule separates into different substances. For example, water is a phase where H2O separates into hydrogen and oxygen.
To find the boiling point of each phase, you will need to look up the freezing point of each and add 100 degrees Fahrenheit to each. This is because when you go from l CH3CH2Br to CH3CH2COH, there is a temperature increase of 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
For the liquid phase, you will need to find the melting point of CH3CH2Br and add 100 degrees Fahrenheit to it. You can do this by looking up its chemical properties online. Then, put all of these numbers into a table for easy reference later on.
Find the condensation point of each phase
Now that you have all of the sub-phases labeled, you can now find the condensation point of each phase. The condensation point is when all of the sub-phases mix together to form a single phase.
For example, in the liquid phase, one could assume that at some point, all of the different compounds will combine and form a single compound. In this case, it would be Ch3ch2OH + CH3COH + (Ch3ch2)3CBr + H2O = CH3CH2OH(l)
This is not the case though! You have to test it to make sure. By testing it, you can also determine its temperature sensitivity. If it is sensitive to temperature changes, then you can determine its melting point and freezing point.
Predict whether a substance will be a solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature
The last step is to predict whether a chemical will be a solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature. This is done by looking at the atom connectivity and how many hydrogen atoms are attached to it.
If there are few bonds connecting the atoms together, then it will be a solid. If there are many hydrogen atoms attached to it, then it will be a gas. If there are both of these properties, then it will be a liquid.
For this experiment, all of the compounds that were produced were gases at room temperature, so this step was not needed. All of the compounds had enough hydrogen atoms attached to them to be considered gases at room temperature.
This experiment was successful in determining what compounds were produced during the coking process using targeted analytical analysis via GC-FID analysis.
Describe how to determine if a substance is in its liquid or gas state at room temperature
The last thing to do is to determine if the substance is in its liquid or gas state at room temperature. If the compound is in a liquid state at room temperature, then it is cbrol.
If the compound is in a gaseous state at room temperature, then it is coh. If it is neither, then you must repeat the whole process again.
There are two main ways to determine if a substance is in a liquid or gas state at room temperature. The first way is to see if it can be poured or sucked up through a tube. If it can, then it is in a liquid state at room temperature. If it cannot be poured or sucked up through a tube, then it is in a gaseous state at room temperature.
The second way to determine this is to place the substance in an ice bath and see if it melts or bubbles. If it melts or bubbles, then it was in a liquid state at room temperature; if not, then it was in a gaseous state at room temperature.
Label the energy diagram with appropriate symbols and labels for each phase and its corresponding state at room temperature
Now that you have your energy diagram, the next step is to label the arrows with appropriate symbols and labels for each phase and its corresponding state at room temperature.
At room temperature, liquid, solid, and gaseous states are considered to be stable. For liquids and gases, the average kinetic energy per particle is equal to the total system energy. For solids, the total system energy is what maintains the solid state; in other words, the solid state is not due to a low kinetic energy per particle.
It is important to note that in some cases, like in this problem, there are two separate liquids present. In this case, one liquid must be designated as having a higher kinetic energy than the other liquid so that only one of them transitions to a gas.
Write an explanation about your choice of 9 bins for your diagram
In this section, you will construct a energy diagram for the conversion of (Ch3ch2)3cbr to (Ch3ch2)3coh. You will be given 9 bins, or stages in the reaction where the potential energy changes.
The first bin is called Forming Bonds and is labeled as stage 1. In this stage, there is no potential energy change because there is no bond formed. There is only one product molecule so there is no van der Waals volume increase.
The second bin is called Van der Waals Volume Decrease and is labeled as stage 2. In this stage, there is a decrease in van der Waals volume due to the formation of two products: (Ch3ch2)3coh and CO(g). The carbon dioxide gas causes a slight decrease in van der Waals volume due to its compact structure.
The third bin is called Van der Waals Volume Increase and is labeled as stage 3. In this stage, there is an increase in van der Waals volume due to the formation of one product: (CH3CH2)3CBr. The product causes an increase in van der Waals volume due to its less compact structure than CO(g).
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